{"id":11371,"date":"2020-02-14T03:56:24","date_gmt":"2020-02-13T19:56:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/?p=11371"},"modified":"2020-03-28T01:47:55","modified_gmt":"2020-03-27T17:47:55","slug":"%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/","title":{"rendered":"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><em><span class=\"s1\">\u2f42<\/span>\u7ae0\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u8bd1\u2f42\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPatricia M. Gundy, Charles P. Gerba, Ian L. Pepper. Survival of coronaviruses in water and wastewater[J].Food Environ Virol, 2009,1(1):10\u201314. \u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u2f2f\u4e1a\u2f24\u5b66 \u738b\u8def\u9065\uff1b\u6821\u5bf9\uff1a\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u2f2f\u4e1a\u2f24\u5b66\u9648\u5fd7\u5f3a\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u2ec4\u6e56\u2f24\u5b66\u00a0 \u97a0\u5cf0\u6559\u6388\uff08\u5907\u6ce8\uff1a\u75ab\u60c5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u672c\u2f42\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u2f24\u5bb6\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u2edb\u9669\u9632\u63a7\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u4e0d\u5f53\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u8bf7\u6279\u8bc4\u6307\u6b63\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u4e25\u91cd\u6025\u6027\u547c\u5438\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u53ca\u5176\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4f20\u64ad\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6c34\u548c\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u6ee4\u548c\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34(4\u2103\u548c23\u2103)\u548c\u5e9f\u6c34(23\u2103)\u4e2d\u6d4b\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u732b\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u8179\u819c\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u4eba\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2229E\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u3002\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6c34\u4e2d\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u5931\u6d3b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u6709\u673a\u7269\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u62ee\u6297\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u75c5\u6bd2\u6548\u4ef7\u4e0b\u964d99.9% (T99.9)\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u572823\u2103 (10\u5929)\u6c34\u4e2d\u6bd4\u57284\u2103 (&gt;100\u5929)\u6c34\u4e2d\u706d\u6d3b\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u8fc5\u901f\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0cT99.9\u503c\u57282\uff5e4\u5929\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u9664\u4e864\u2103\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u5916\uff0c\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u6bd4\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u957f\u3002 \u738b\u8def\u9065 \u9648\u5fd7\u5f3a \u97a0\u5cf0<\/p>\n<section>01 \u4ecb\u7ecd<\/section>\n<section>2003\u5e74\u4e25\u91cd\u6025\u6027\u547c\u5438\u7cfb\u7edf\u7efc\u5408\u75c7(SARS)\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u9020\u6210\u4e868000\u591a\u4f8b\u75c5\u4f8b\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7ea6\u4e3a10%\u00a0(Manocha et al. 2003;Centers for Disease Control 2004)\u3002\u6700\u540e\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u662f\u57282004\u5e74\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u9e9d\u732b\uff0c\u6f5c\u5728\u5bbf\u4e3b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8759\u8760(Guan et al. 2003; Lau et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006)\u3002\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u662f\u6709\u5305\u819c\u7684\u5355\u94feRNA\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u4ece60\uff5e220\u7eb3\u7c73\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u67d3\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6c14\u6eb6\u80f6\u6216\u7caa\u4fbf-\u53e3\u8154\u9014\u5f84\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u7206\u53d1\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f20\u64ad\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u547c\u5438\u9053\u98de\u6cab\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9(Belshe 1984)\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u4eba\u7c7b\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u611f\u67d3\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u9650\u5236\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u9274\u4e8e2003\u5e743\u6708\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u9ad8\u5c42\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u6d89\u53ca300\u591a\u4eba\u7684SARS\u75ab\u60c5\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u5173(Peiris et al. 2003)\uff0cSARS\u75ab\u60c5\u4f20\u64ad\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6c34\u548c\u5e9f\u6c34\u6709\u5173\u3002SARS-CoV\u53ef\u5728\u80a0\u9053\u5185\u590d\u5236 (Leung et al. 2003)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u80a0\u9053\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\uff0c\u800cSARS\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\u8179\u6cfb\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u57288%\uff5e73%\u4e4b\u95f4(SARS\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\uff0c2003)\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u6f5c\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002Leung\u7b49\u4eba(2003)\u8fd8\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u4eceSARS\u60a3\u8005\u5c0f\u80a0\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u57f9\u517b\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u75c5\u6bd2\u9776\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u80ba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u75c5\u6bd2\u662f\u4eceSARS\u60a3\u8005\u611f\u67d3\u540e3\u5468\u5185\u7684\u7caa\u4fbf\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\u7684(Chan et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2004)\u3002SARS\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u53ca\u5176\u4f20\u64ad\u95ee\u9898\u8868\u660e\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6c34\u548c\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd21\u578b\u5728\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u548c\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section>02 \u6750\u6599\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/section>\n<section>\u732b\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u8179\u819c\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2(FIPV) (ATCC-990)\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u80a0\u9053\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u5728\u514b\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u91cc\u745f\u732b\u80be\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb(CRFK) (ATCC-94)\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002\u4eba\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2229E (HCoV) (ATCC-740)\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u547c\u5438\u9053\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u5728\u80ce\u513f\u80ba\u6210\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7ec6\u80de\uff0cMRC-5\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb(ATCC-171)\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd21 LSc-2ab (PV-1)\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u80a0\u9053\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u6cd5\u7f57\u7eff\u7334\u80be(BGM)\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002\u5728\u5355\u5c42\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7ec6\u80de\u81f4\u75c5\u4f5c\u7528(CPE)\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u611f\u67d3\u7ec6\u80de\u5728-20\u2103\u51b7\u51bb\u548c\u89e3\u51bb\u4e09\u6b21\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u75c5\u6bd2\u3002\u968f\u540e\u57281000g\u79bb\u5fc310\u5206\u949f\u4ee5\u9664\u53bb\u7ec6\u80de\u788e\u7247\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u52309%\u805a\u4e59\u4e8c\u9187(\u76f8\u5bf9\u5206\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf8000)\u548c0.5 M\u6c2f\u5316\u94a0\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u60ac\u6d6e\u6db2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u57284\u2103\u4e0b\u6405\u62cc\u8fc7\u591c\u3002\u572810000g\u79bb\u5fc330\u5206\u949f\u540e\uff0c\u75280.01 M\u78f7\u9178\u76d0\u7f13\u51b2\u76d0\u6c34(PBS; pH 7.4)(Sigma, St. Louis, MO)\u91cd\u60ac\u81f3\u539f\u59cb\u75c5\u6bd2\u60ac\u6db2\u4f53\u79ef\u76845%\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u8fdb\u884c\u6548\u4ef7\u6d4b\u5b9a\u5e76\u50a8\u5b58\u5728-80\u2103\u4e0b\u3002\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u7b49\u4f53\u79ef\u7684Vertrel XF (Dupont, Wilmington\uff0cDE)\u63d0\u53d6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7eaf\u5316\uff0c\u4e73\u5316\u540e\u4ee57500g\u79bb\u5fc315\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u6536\u96c6\u9876\u5c42\u6c34\u5c42\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6548\u4ef7\u6d4b\u5b9a\u5e76\u5728-80\u2103\u50a8\u5b58\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u6837\u672c\u662f\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u51b7\u6c34\u9f99\u5934\u4e2d\u91c7\u96c6\u7684\u3002\u6c34\u6e90\u662f\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\uff0c\u6c34\u8d28\u53c2\u6570: pH 7.8\uff0c\u6eb6\u89e3\u56fa\u4f53297mg\/L\uff0c\u603b\u6709\u673a\u78b30.1mg\/L\u3002\u5728\u6536\u96c6\u6837\u54c1\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6c34\u6d41\u52a83\u5206\u949f\u3002\u5728\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u548c\u901a\u8fc70.2\u03bcm\u5b54\u5f84\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u53bb\u9664\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\u6d4b\u5b9a\u75c5\u6bd2\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u3002\u5c06\u81ea\u6765\u6c34(30mL)\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u65e0\u83cc\u768450mL\u805a\u4e19\u70ef\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u9644\u7740\u5728\u5bb9\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u635f\u5931\u3002\u6dfb\u52a0\u65e0\u83cc\u786b\u4ee3\u786b\u9178\u94a0\u81f3\u6700\u7ec8\u6d53\u5ea633\u03bcg\/mL\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6c34\u8131\u6c2f\u3002\u6da1\u65cb\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u75c5\u6bd2\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6d53\u5ea6\u4e3a105 TCID50\/mL\u3002\u518d\u6b21\u6da1\u65cb\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u53d6\u6837(\u96f6\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9)\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u50a8\u5b58\u57284\u2103\u6216\u5ba4\u6e29\u4e0b(23\u2103)\u3002\u5ba4\u6e29\u4e0b\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u7528\u94dd\u7b94\u8986\u76d6\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5149\u7ebf\u4e0b\u3002\u57281\u30013\u30016\u300110\u300115\u548c21\u5929\u540e\u5bf9\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u53d6\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6837\u54c1\u5728-80\u2103\u4e0b\u51b7\u51bb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0a\u88ab\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u548c\u5269\u4f59\u6d3b\u6027\u6c61\u6ce5(\u4e8c\u7ea7)\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u56fe\u68ee\u5e02\u7f57\u6770\u8def\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\uff0c\u5e76\u6536\u96c6\u5728\u65e0\u83cc\u805a\u4e19\u70ef\u74f6\u4e2d\u3002\u6c89\u6dc0\u540e\u6536\u96c6\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\uff0c\u6c2f\u5316\u524d\u6536\u96c6\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u3002\u8be5\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e00\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6c34\u8d28\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u9700\u6c27\u91cf(BOD)\u548c1\u60ac\u6d6e\u56fa\u4f53(10\uff5e220mg\/L)\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u76f8\u6bd4\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684BOD\u548c\u60ac\u6d6e\u56fa\u4f53\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8690%\uff5e95%\u3002\u5c06\u51fa\u6c34(30mL)\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u65e0\u83cc\u768450mL\u805a\u4e19\u70ef\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u6dfb\u52a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u901a\u8fc70.2\u03bcm\u5b54\u5f84\u7684\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u672a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u4ec5\u672a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u75c5\u6bd2\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6d53\u5ea6\u4e3a105 TCID50\/mL\u3002\u5c06\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u6da1\u65cb\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u53d6\u6837(\u96f6\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9)\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u79bb\u5fc3\u7ba1\u8986\u76d6\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u5ba4\u6e29(23\u2103)\u3002\u57281\u30012\u30013\u30016\u300110\u300115\u548c21\u5929\u540e\u6536\u96c6\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6837\u54c1\u5728-80\u2103\u4e0b\u51b7\u51bb\u76f4\u81f3\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u4f7f\u7528\u566c\u6591\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6216TCID50\u6280\u672f\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u7269\u4e0a\u8ba1\u6570\u75c5\u6bd2\u3002\u57286\u5b54\u5851\u6599\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u677f\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u566c\u6591\u6d4b\u5b9a\u6cd5(Payment and Trudel 1993)\u6d4b\u5b9a\u4e86PV-1\u7684\u6548\u4ef7\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6700\u4f4e\u68c0\u6d4b\u9650\u4e3a10 pfu\/mL\u3002\u5c06\u6bcf\u79cd\u7a00\u91ca\u6db2\u63a5\u79cd\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b54\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5f62\u6210\u6591\u5757\u7684\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57f9\u517b\u611f\u67d3\u5242\u91cf50%\u6280\u672f(TCID50)\u572824\u5b54\u5851\u6599\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u677f\u4e2d\u6d4b\u5b9a\u5176\u6548\u4ef7(Payment and Trudel 1993)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u663e\u793a\u51faCPE\u768450%\u7684\u539f\u6db2\u7684\u7a00\u91ca\u5ea6\u3002\u53d6\u7a00\u91ca\u500d\u6570\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6570\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u6bcf\u6beb\u5347TCID50\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u6548\u4ef7\u3002\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u68c0\u6d4b\u503c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u6beb\u53473.7\u4e2a\u75c5\u6bd2\u3002\u5c06\u6bcf\u79cd\u7a00\u91ca\u6db2\u63a5\u79cd\u5728\u81f3\u5c118\u4e2a\u5b54\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u6dfb\u52a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6765\u81ea\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6c34\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e4b\u524d\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u7ec6\u83cc\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u5728pH\u4e3a7\u4e0b\u4f7f3%\u725b\u8089\u63d0\u53d6\u7269(Becton Dick-inson\uff0cSparks\uff0cMD)\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u963b\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u5438\u9644\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u4f4d\u70b9\u6765\u5236\u5907\u5177\u6709\u805a\u919a\u781c(PES)\u819c\u76840.2 \u03bcm\u4f4e\u86cb\u767d\u7ed3\u5408Millex\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668(Millipore, Billerica, MA)\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u91cd\u590d\u4e09\u6b21\u3002\u00a0<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><strong>03 \u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba<\/strong><\/section>\n<section>\u88681\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u5929\u6570\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\u51cf\u5c11\u91cf\u7531\u516c\u5f0f\u201clg N\/N0\u201d\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dN\u662f\u6307\u5b9a\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u6548\u4ef7\uff0cN0\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a0\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u6548\u4ef7\u3002\u7ebf\u6027\u56de\u5f52\u7684\u659c\u7387\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\uff1b\u75c5\u6bd2\u6548\u4ef7\u4e0b\u964d99%\u548c99.9%\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4(\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u4e3aT99\u548cT99.9)\u3002<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11375 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1-1024x355.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1-1024x355.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1-768x266.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1-1536x532.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1-600x208.png 600w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/1-1.png 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\u5f71\u54cd\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u62ec\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u6709\u673a\u7269\u548c\u597d\u6c27\u5fae\u751f\u7269(John and Rose 2005; Melnick and Gerba 1980; Sobsey and Meschke 2003)\u3002\u5bf9\u75c5\u6bd2\u5b58\u6d3b\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5c31\u662f\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u75c5\u6bd2\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u968f\u7740\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u53d8\u6027\u548c\u80de\u5916\u9176\u6d3b\u6027\u589e\u52a0\u5f15\u8d77\u7684(Hurst et al. 1980; John and Rose 2005)\u3002\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u51cf\u5c11\u6216\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u9897\u7c92\u6709\u673a\u7269\u548c\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u5ba4\u6e29\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u898110\u5929\u5c31\u80fd\u4f7f\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u51cf\u5c1199.9%\uff0c\u800c\u57284\u2103\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u706d\u6d3b\u5219\u9700\u8981100\u5929\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002PV-1\u5728\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d4\u2103\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0e\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5ba4\u6e29(23\u2103)\u4e0b\uff0c\u8be5\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6c34\u548c\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5ef6\u957f\u4e86\u516d\u500d\u3002\u56fe1\u548c\u56fe2\u5206\u522b\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u5ba4\u6e29(23\u2103)\u548c4\u2103\u4e0b\u5728\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u75c5\u6bd2\u6548\u4ef7\u4ece4\u2103\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6548\u4ef7\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u75c5\u6bd2\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210\u805a\u96c6\u7269\u7136\u540e\u5206\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6837\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u5236\u3002<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11378 size-full alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1006\" height=\"692\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-1.png 1006w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-1-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-1-768x528.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-1-600x413.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\" \/>\u56fe1 \u5ba4\u6e29\uff0823\u2103\uff09\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4e09\u79cd\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u8131\u6c2f\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\u51cf\u5c11\u91cf<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11380 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-2.png 880w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-2-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-2-768x517.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2-2-600x404.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/>\u56fe2 4\u2103\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4e09\u79cd\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u8131\u6c2f\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\u51cf\u5c11\u91cf\uff08*\u4ee3\u8868\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff09<\/p>\n<section>\n<section>\u6c34\u4e2d\u6709\u673a\u7269\u548c\u60ac\u6d6e\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5438\u9644\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9897\u7c92\u4e0a\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fa\u4f53\u6c89\u6dc0\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u53bb\u9664\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4ece\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u5230\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u518d\u5230\u4e00\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u548c\u60ac\u6d6e\u56fa\u4f53\u542b\u91cf\u90fd\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u6bd4\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u5bf9\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u706d\u6d3b\u4f5c\u7528\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cHCoV\u5728\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u4e00\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u8fc7\u6ee4\u540e\u7684\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u542b\u91cf\u786e\u5b9e\u4e3a\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9PV-1\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5bf9\u5176\u5728\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684PV-1\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u672a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u500d\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7acb\u5373\u56de\u6536\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4(\u96f6\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9)\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u6548\u4ef7\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u52a0\u5165\u5e9f\u6c34\u540e\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u6548\u4ef7\u7acb\u5373\u4e0b\u964d\u4e8699.9%\uff0c\u800cPV-1\u6548\u4ef7\u4ec5\u4e0b\u964d\u4e8610%\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u51cf\u5c11\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u6eb6\u5242\u548c\u6d17\u6da4\u5242\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u75c5\u6bd2\u5305\u819c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u75c5\u6bd2\u5931\u6d3b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u660e\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u6bd4PV-1\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5438\u9644\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u3002\u75c5\u6bd2\u5305\u819c\u7684\u758f\u6c34\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u6eb6\u89e3\u6027\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u6bd2\u7c98\u9644\u5728\u56fa\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5e9f\u6c34\u6837\u672c\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u7ec6\u83cc\u6c61\u67d3\u7ec6\u80de\u5355\u5c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u53bb\u9664\u9897\u7c92\u7269\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u3002\u6355\u98df\u6027\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5982\u539f\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u6c34\u4e2d\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u5931\u6d3b\u7387\uff0c\u86cb\u767d\u9176\u548c\u6838\u9178\u9176\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5c\u7528(Gerba et al. 1978; John and Rose 2005)\u3002\u4e0e\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u548c\u56fa\u4f53\u542b\u91cf\u90fd\u8f83\u9ad8\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u6d4b\u8bd5\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u6bd4\u672a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u957f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9FIPV\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u518d\u6b21\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u7269\u76f8\u5173\u75c5\u6bd2\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6355\u98df\u548c\u706d\u6d3b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u57283\u5929\u540e\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6700\u4f4e\u68c0\u6d4b\u9650\uff0c\u800cPV-1\u572821\u5929\u540e\u4ecd\u53ef\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u3002\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5bf9\u6570\u51cf\u5c11\u7ed3\u679c\u5217\u4e8e\u88682\u3002<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11383 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/3-1024x427.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/3-1024x427.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/3-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/3-768x320.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/3-600x250.png 600w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/3.png 1406w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><strong>04 \u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u6bd4PV-1\u5bf9\u6e29\u5ea6\u66f4\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14PV-1\u548c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u6027\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u80fd\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5305\u819c\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5982\u975e\u5305\u819c\u75c5\u6bd2\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u5f88\u5feb\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u57282\uff5e3\u5929\u5185\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8699.9%\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0eSARS-CoV\u5b58\u6d3b\u6570\u636e\u76f8\u5f53(Wang et al. 2005a, b)\u3002\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u4ec5\u7565\u957f\u4e8e\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u60ac\u6d6e\u56fa\u4f53\u542b\u91cf\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5176\u5931\u6d3b\u3002PV-1\u6bd4\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5b58\u6d3b\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u521d\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u9700\u898110\u5929\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u9700\u89815\u5929\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e0e\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u706d\u6d3b\u7387\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6c34\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u8981\u6bd4\u80a0\u9053\u75c5\u6bd2\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u73af\u5883\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u548c\u5e9f\u6c34\u4e2d\u4f1a\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u5931\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<section>\n<section>\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u5ba1\u6838\uff1a\u674e\u5fb7\u5f3a<strong>\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e3a\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u7248\uff08\u51715\u9875\uff09\u3002<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11387 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O1-729x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"729\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O1-729x1024.png 729w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O1-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O1-768x1079.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O1-600x843.png 600w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O1.png 944w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11389 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O2-729x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"729\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O2-729x1024.png 729w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O2-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O2-768x1078.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O2-600x842.png 600w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O2.png 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11391 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O3-739x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"739\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O3-739x1024.png 739w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O3-217x300.png 217w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O3-768x1064.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O3-600x831.png 600w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O3.png 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 739px) 100vw, 739px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11393 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O4-705x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O4-705x1024.png 705w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O4-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O4-768x1115.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O4-600x871.png 600w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O4.png 970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11395 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"966\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O5.png 966w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O5-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O5-768x496.png 768w, https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/O5-600x388.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 966px) 100vw, 966px\" \/><\/strong>\u5236\u4f5c\uff1a\u6587\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u51ef\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u5ba1\u6838\uff1a\u674e\u5fb7\u5f3a<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2f42\u7ae0\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u8bd1\u2f42\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPatricia M. Gundy, Charles P. Gerba, Ian L. P &#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":11423,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[65,557],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b &bull; EnvGuide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b &bull; EnvGuide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u2f42\u7ae0\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u8bd1\u2f42\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPatricia M. Gundy, Charles P. Gerba, Ian L. P [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EnvGuide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-02-13T19:56:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-03-27T17:47:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/im.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1001\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Hao Feng\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u4f5c\u8005\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Hao Feng\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1\u5206\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Hao Feng\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5c2c8d2702119238c606bc252943b70d\"},\"headline\":\"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-02-13T19:56:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-27T17:47:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/\"},\"wordCount\":192,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"\u65b0\u95fb\",\"\u5934\u6761\u8d44\u8baf\"],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/\",\"name\":\"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b &bull; EnvGuide\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-02-13T19:56:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-27T17:47:55+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/\",\"name\":\"EnvGuide\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"U.S.- China Environmental Education Foundation (UCEEF)\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2017\/05\/UCEEF-Final_logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2017\/05\/UCEEF-Final_logo.png\",\"width\":600,\"height\":231,\"caption\":\"U.S.- China Environmental Education Foundation (UCEEF)\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/11012406\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCcJnrmBpIV7cO-X0kpJZSeg\/videos\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5c2c8d2702119238c606bc252943b70d\",\"name\":\"Hao Feng\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf691df695c5be0ac2c50e43a30d1afc?s=96&d=mystery&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf691df695c5be0ac2c50e43a30d1afc?s=96&d=mystery&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Hao Feng\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b &bull; EnvGuide","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\/","og_locale":"zh_CN","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b &bull; EnvGuide","og_description":"\u2f42\u7ae0\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u8bd1\u2f42\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPatricia M. Gundy, Charles P. Gerba, Ian L. P [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\/","og_site_name":"EnvGuide","article_published_time":"2020-02-13T19:56:24+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-27T17:47:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1001,"height":430,"url":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/im.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Hao Feng","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u4f5c\u8005":"Hao Feng","\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4":"1\u5206"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/"},"author":{"name":"Hao Feng","@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5c2c8d2702119238c606bc252943b70d"},"headline":"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b","datePublished":"2020-02-13T19:56:24+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-27T17:47:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/"},"wordCount":192,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#organization"},"articleSection":["\u65b0\u95fb","\u5934\u6761\u8d44\u8baf"],"inLanguage":"zh-CN"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/","url":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/","name":"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b &bull; EnvGuide","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-02-13T19:56:24+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-27T17:47:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"zh-CN","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/%e5%86%a0%e7%8a%b6%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e5%9c%a8%e2%bd%94%e5%92%8c%e5%ba%9f%e2%bd%94%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e6%b4%bb\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u2f54\u548c\u5e9f\u2f54\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/","name":"EnvGuide","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"zh-CN"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#organization","name":"U.S.- China Environmental Education Foundation (UCEEF)","url":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-CN","@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2017\/05\/UCEEF-Final_logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2017\/05\/UCEEF-Final_logo.png","width":600,"height":231,"caption":"U.S.- China Environmental Education Foundation (UCEEF)"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/11012406\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCcJnrmBpIV7cO-X0kpJZSeg\/videos"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/person\/5c2c8d2702119238c606bc252943b70d","name":"Hao Feng","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-CN","@id":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf691df695c5be0ac2c50e43a30d1afc?s=96&d=mystery&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bf691df695c5be0ac2c50e43a30d1afc?s=96&d=mystery&r=g","caption":"Hao Feng"}}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11371"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11371"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11371\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}