{"id":7885,"date":"2018-03-26T01:46:32","date_gmt":"2018-03-25T17:46:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/?p=7885"},"modified":"2018-03-29T02:06:31","modified_gmt":"2018-03-28T18:06:31","slug":"dnapl-site-characterization-tool-selection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/us.envguide.com\/dnapl-site-characterization-tool-selection\/","title":{"rendered":"Tool Selection Table"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tool List<\/td>\nDescription<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Geophysics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Surface geophysics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Ground penetrating radar<\/td>\nlocate geologic materials based on reflection of electromagnetic pulse between layer of dielectric properties<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. High resolution seismic reflection<\/td>\nseismic reflection for profiling stratigraphic layers to large depths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Seismic refraction<\/td>\nseismic refraction for 2D interpretation of lithological layer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Electrial resistivity tomography<\/td>\nindicate broad scale lithological variation through ground-based variation in electrical resistivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Electromagnetic conductivity<\/td>\nmap lateral variation in EC to identify broad geologic variation or conductive plume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Downhole testing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Magnetometric resistivity<\/td>\nmap the preferential pathway in fractured or unconsolidated media by magnetometric resistivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Induction resistivity (conductivity logging)<\/td>\nperform inductive measurement of apparent conductivity to recognise appropriate contrasts, variation in lithology and water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Resistivity<\/td>\ncharacterize lithology in terms of EC and conductivity of pore water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Ground penetrating radar cross well tomography<\/td>\nused when surface GPR is not useful<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Optical televiewer<\/td>\nidentify fracture and void in the borehole and provide some lithologic information through visual image<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Acoustic televiewer<\/td>\nutilizing the acoustic pulse reflection to measure the borehole features and charaterize the fracture and other lithologic information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. Natural gamma log<\/td>\nidentify lithology and stratigraphic correlation through detection of gamma radiation from mineral<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. Neutron (porosity) logging<\/td>\nneutron emitted will collide with hydrogen which indicate the porosity and water content<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9. Nuclear magnetic resonance logging<\/td>\nnuclear magnetic resonance signal is linearly proportional to water content and can be used to determine porosity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10. Caliper log<\/td>\nwith extension of caliper arms, it can detect fracture, measure depth of casing and diameter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11. Temperature profiling<\/td>\ntrace the movement of water between boreholes by temperature profiling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12. Full wave form seismic<\/td>\nquantitative measure of material properties by measuring full seismic wave between horeholes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hydraulic testing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Single well tests<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Packer testing<\/td>\nisolating a discrete section of well borehole for conducting testing or sampling for representative data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. FLUTe profiling<\/td>\nTransmissivity profile test<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Borehole dilution<\/td>\ndetermine Darcy flux based on dilution of tracer in the well<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Flow metering<\/td>\nidentify inflow and outflow from borehole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Partitioning interwell tracer test<\/td>\ncharacterize amount of NAPL by releasing tracer that can partition into NAPL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Pumping and recovery tests<\/td>\nobtain T by pumping and measure groundwater recovery rate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. Slug tests<\/td>\nmonitor the changing head in well and well recovery to measure the T value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. Constant head step test<\/td>\npumping test with constant head to measure T value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cross borehole testing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Tracer testing<\/td>\nobtain Darcy flux and average groundwater velocity by adding tracer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Hydraulic tomography<\/td>\nrun series of pumping test and obtain pressure change at numerous direct pushed monitoring points; use model to find the K value that best fits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Pumping and recovery tests<\/td>\nobtain T by pumping and measure groundwater recovery rate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Slug tests<\/td>\nmonitor the changing head in well and well recovery to measure the T value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vapor and soil gas sampling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Passive soil gas surveys<\/td>\ncan target wide range of VOC and SVOC to identify source areas and vapor intrusion pathway, track groundwater contamination and delineate lateral extent of contaminants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Active soil gas surveys<\/td>\napply vacuum to withdraw VOC from sampling area<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solid media sampling and analysis methods<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solid media sampling methods<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Split spoon sampler<\/td>\nused through hollow stem auger incrementally as the auger is advanced and also with direct push rig to collect soil samples; usually driven by hydraulic hammer and can conduct standard penetration test<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Single tube solid barrel sampler<\/td>\nsoil sampler best used for cohesive formation; driven by hollow stem auger or direct push rig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Dual tube sampler<\/td>\nobtain continuous soil core sample with outer casing to protect the borehole wall from collapsing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Rock coring<\/td>\nrock coring to obtain sample from bedrock formation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solid media evaluation and testing methods<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Core logging<\/td>\ncore is logged by geologist for lithology and heterogeneity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Percent recovery\/rock quality designation<\/td>\nmeasure rock mass quality from core recovery, lower recovery indicates high permeability zone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Contaminant analysis<\/td>\ncontaminant analysis in lab or with field instruments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Geochemical composition and mineralogy<\/td>\ngeochemical information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Molecular\/microbial diagnostic<\/td>\nindigeous microbe population study<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Direct push logging (In Situ)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Hydraulic profiling tool (HPT)<\/td>\ndirect push probe with injection port that can inject water into formation and measure the pressure required for injection; provide pressure log to characterize lithology and hydrostratigraphy and determine the migration pathway<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Electrical conductivity (EC) logging<\/td>\npushed by percussion hammer into formation with electrode where current is applied and the resultant voltage is measured; provide indication of lithology and permeability in soil formation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Cone penetrometer testing (CPT)<\/td>\nhydraulic ram supported by weight of truck to push a rod with conical point into ground at steady rate to measure penetration tip resistance, friction, and pore pressure; soil behavior is recored and hydraulic conductivity can be estimated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Membrane interface probe (MIP)<\/td>\nadvanced by direct push rig, it is a VOC screening tool that use carrier gas to sweep the VOC in the formation and carry it into detector for real time semi-quantitative measurement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF)<\/td>\nadvanced by direct push rig, use excitation light to induce fluorescence of PAH compounds and transmit the light uphole to a detection system for quantification; able to measure and delineate the presence of NAPL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Hydrosparge (CPT)<\/td>\nintegrate with CPT probe that reach groundwater to obtain sample, sparge on to strip the VOC with carrier gas and detect the chemical aboveground<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. CPT in-situ video camera<\/td>\nA CPT probe with miniature imaging video camara that can illuminate soil when probe is in contact with soil; provide direct evidence of NAPL presence and delineate stratigraphy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. Raman spectroscopy<\/td>\nsimilar to LIF but use a longer wave length infrared laser to excite the energy state of contaminant; under the light exposure, the molecules in compound present scatter light with distintive vibrational fingerprint for characterization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9. Co-solvent injection\/extraction<\/td>\nadd tracer and alcohol in sequence into NAPL contaminated formation to solubilize and mobilize, compare the extraction result of NAPL, alcohol and tracer concentration to determine the presence of DNAPL using mass balance approach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10. Targost<\/td>\nLIF tar specific screening tool<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11. Dye LIF<\/td>\ninject fluorescent hydrophobic dye to ensure DNAPL fluorescent even without sufficient fluorophores or PAH; sensative to chlorinated solvent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Groundwater sampling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Discrete groundwater sampling & profiling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Groundwater sampling tool<\/td>\ngroundwater sampling tool that has screen exposed to sampling intervals and can be temporarily installed on site by direct push rig; it can be also used to conduct slug test. Tools can be either installed for sampling at discrete depth or multilevel fro groundwater profiling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Waterloo advnaced profiling system<\/td>\ndirect push groundwater profiling tool that can obtain groundwater sample at several discrete depth with low flow sampling; can also acquire hydraulic data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Grab well water sampler<\/td>\npassive groundwater sampling that can minimize the interference to the groundwater sample quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Accumulative sorbent sampler<\/td>\npassive sampling device that rely on diffusion and sorption to accumulate into the sampler; good for VOC and SVOC.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Membrane diffusion sampler<\/td>\nrely on groundwater flow through a screened interval and equilibrium diffusion of dissolved chemical through polyethylene film<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. FLUTe system<\/td>\nmap the distribution of contaminant in the pore space and fracture of borehole wall using activated carbon coating on the liner<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. Passive flux meter<\/td>\nuse sorptive permeable medium to passively intercept contaminated groundwater and release resident tracer; after specified residence time retrieve the medium and remaining tracer for contaminant and groundwater flux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. Hydropunch<\/td>\na stainless steel and Teflon sampling tool that can collect discrete interval groundwater samples through a small-diameter drive pipe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11. ZONFLO-hydraulic sampling system<\/td>\nbased on hydraulic control of borehole flow conditions to isolate flow from discrete fracture zone while take groundwater samaple<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12. Groundwater sampling pumps<\/td>\nlow flow purging groundwater sampling pump and other sampling device<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Multilevel sampling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Wesbay system<\/td>\nmulti-level sampling modular system with packers to isolate different flow zone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Solinst system<\/td>\na permanent modular system with sampling ports at multiple depth isolated by packers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. FLUTe system<\/td>\ncontinuous flexible urethane coated nylon fabric tube to seal borehole with spacer between the liner and the borehole wall to create sampling\/monitoring zone at multiple depth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. CMT (Continuous multichannel tubing)<\/td>\nsystem uses polyethylene tubing with several chambers which are converted into several depth-discrete monitoring tube<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DNAPL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. NAPL FLUTe system<\/td>\nFLUTe liner system with hydrophobic cover that can be stained by NAPL; provide NAPL depth distribution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Dye techniques<\/td>\nprovide direct visual detection of NAPL in soil or water by adding hydrophobic dye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Ultra-violet (UV) fluorescence<\/td>\nsoil sample can be inspected under UV light for fluorescence which may indicate the presence of NAPL containing PAH or other fluorophores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. NAPL interface probe<\/td>\ndown-well probe to measure the thickness of NAPL by detecting the oil\/water interface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemical screening<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Membrane interface probe (MIP)<\/td>\nadvanced by direct push rig, it is a VOC screening tool that uses carrier gas to sweep the VOC in the formation and carry it into detector for real time semi-quantitative measurement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Background fluorescence analysis<\/td>\norganic compounds that fluoresce in different patterns can be fingerprinted and correlated to plume concentration in the sample; it also indicates hydraulic connection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Colorimetric screening<\/td>\ncombine sample purging with colormetric gas detector tube to detect total chlorinated halocarbon VOC and estimate the sample concentration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Direct sampling ion trap mass spectrometer<\/td>\ndirect analysis of VOC from field sample without chromatographic separation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Organic vapor analyzer<\/td>\nmeasure the vapor concentration in the headspace of sampler or core sample void; indicate the presence of NAPL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Environmental molecular diagnostics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Microbial diagnostics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)<\/td>\na molecular biology method used to visualize and enumerate specific types of microorganisms or groups of microorganisms in an environmental sample.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA)<\/td>\nused to directly examine individual contaminants to learn both about their original isotopic composition and about any degradation the compound has undergone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Enzyme activity probe (EAPs)<\/td>\nchemicals used to detect and quantify specific activities of microorganisms in environmental samples. EAPs transformed the target enzyme into a readily detectable product that can be measured and predicted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. DNA microarray<\/td>\n\u00a0evaluate community composition based on the presence\/absence of microbial 16S rRNA genes present in a sample<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Microbial fingerprinting<\/td>\nprovide an overall view of the microbial community, indications of microbial diversity, and insight into the types of metabolic processes occurring in the aquifer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)<\/td>\ntest for the presence of the specific microorganism, family of microorganisms, or expressed genes in environmental samples such as soil, water, or sediment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. Quantitative PCR<\/td>\n\u00a0quantify the abundance and activity of specific microorganisms or expressed genes in pathways capable of biodegrading contaminants at a contaminated site<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. Stable isotope probing (SIP)<\/td>\n\u00a0exposing the microbial community to an isotopically labeled substrate (e.g., contaminant) and using the detection of that heavy isotope in a biomarker molecule to indicate microbial metabolism (biodegradation)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stable isotope and environmental tracers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Stable isotope<\/td>\nprovide qualitative information on the origin of water that can be used to infer age in some cases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Radioactive tracer<\/td>\ncalculate the age of groundwater based on the rate of decay of a radioactive isotope and input concentration at the time of recharge into the groundwater system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Anthropogenic chemical tracers<\/td>\nChemical tracers typically have distinct input concentrations at the time of recharge, from being in contact with the atmosphere, that can be used to estimate age<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Accumulation tracers<\/td>\nThis tool is similar to partitioning tracer tests with increased sensitivity to radionuclide detection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
On-site analytical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Mobile labs<\/td>\nThese could include purge and trap GC\/MS methods (e.g., USEPA Methods 5035 \/ 8260) or extraction based GC\/MS methods (e.g., USEPA methods 3550 \/ 8270)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Portable gas chromatograph<\/td>\nPortable GCs with halogen- or hydrocarbon-sensitive detectors can be used to produce screening, semiquantitative, and quantitative results in the field.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Portable GC\/MS<\/td>\nPortable GC\/MS systems can be used to produce screening, semiquantitative, and quantitative results in the field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tool List Description Geophysics Surface geophysics 1. … \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":7657,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[353,127,129,130,131,140],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTool Selection Table • EnvGuide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.envguide.com\/dnapl-site-characterization-tool-selection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tool Selection Table • EnvGuide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tool List Description Geophysics Surface geophysics 1. 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